For a design studio, choosing the right tabloid laser printer means balancing print quality, speed, and cost. The Canon Color imageCLASS LBP646Cdw stands out as the best overall due to its vibrant color output and reliable performance. The Brother HL-L5210DWT offers exceptional paper capacity and connectivity, making it ideal for high-volume printing. However, tradeoffs include higher costs for color models and larger footprints. Keep reading to see how these options compare and which one fits your studio’s specific needs.
Key Takeaways
- Color laser printers generally provide better output quality but come at a higher price point compared to monochrome models.
- High-volume studios benefit from printers with large paper capacities and fast print speeds, like the Brother HL-L5210DWT.
- Compact designs are available but may limit paper capacity or features, making them better suited for smaller studios or supplementary printing.
- Wireless and mobile printing capabilities are common but vary in ease of use, impacting workflow efficiency.
- Tradeoffs often involve balancing upfront cost against ongoing expenses like toner replacements and maintenance.
| Canon Color imageCLASS LBP646Cdw Wireless Laser Printer – White | ![]() | Best Overall for Small Design Studios | Print Speed: 26 PPM | Color: Yes | Wireless: Yes | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Brother HL-L5210DWT Business Monochrome Laser Printer with Dual Trays, Wireless, Ethernet, Duplex Printing, Large Paper Capacity | ![]() | Best for High-Volume Monochrome Printing | Print Speed: up to 48 ppm | Paper Capacity: Dual trays: 250/520 sheets, expandable to 1,390 | Connectivity: Gigabit Ethernet, dual band wireless | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP LaserJet Pro MFP 3101fdw Wireless Black & White All-in-One Laser Printer | ![]() | Best for Small Teams Needing Multifunctionality | Print Speed: Up to 35 ppm | Functions: Print, scan, copy, fax | Connectivity: Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Brother HL-L3280CDW Wireless Compact Digital Color Printer with Duplex and Mobile Printing | ![]() | Best Compact Color Printer for Small Studios | Printer Type: Color Laser | Connectivity: Wireless, Ethernet | Print Speed: up to 27 ppm | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Brother MFC-L8930CDW Business Color Laser All-in-One Printer with Duplex Print, Scan, Copy, Security | ![]() | Best for High-Performance Business Color Printing | Print Speed: up to 33 ppm | Scan Speed: up to 104 ipm | Auto Document Feeder: 80 pages | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP Color LaserJet Pro 3201dw Wireless Color Laser Printer | ![]() | Best Overall Color Laser Printer for Design Studios | Print Speed: 26 ppm | Color: Yes | Duplex Printing: Auto | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Brother HL-L2405W Wireless Monochrome Laser Printer with Mobile Printing | ![]() | Best Budget Monochrome Laser for Small Offices | Print Speed: 30 ppm | Connectivity: Wi-Fi, USB | Paper Capacity: 250 sheets | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Brother HL-L3220CDW Color Laser Printer with Wireless Printing and Duplex | ![]() | Best Color Laser Printer with Duplex for Small Offices | Print Speed: 19 PPM | Paper Tray Capacity: 250 sheets | Duplex Printing: Automatic | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| HP LaserJet M209d Laser Printer, Black and White, Automatic Duplex, Wired Connection, USB Included | ![]() | Best Compact Monochrome for Home Offices | Print Color: Black and White | Automatic Duplex: Yes | Connection Type: Wired (USB) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Brother DCP-L2640DW Wireless Monochrome Multi-Function Laser Printer with Copy and Scan | ![]() | Best Multi-Function Mono for Small Business Efficiency | Print Speed: up to 36 ppm | Scan Speed: up to 23.6/7.9 ipm | Auto Document Feeder: 50 pages | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Tabloid laser printer for design studio | Print Speed | Connectivity |
|---|---|---|
| Canon Color imageCLASS LBP646C | 26 PPM | — |
| Brother HL-L5210DWT Business M | up to 48 ppm | Gigabit Ethernet, dual band wireless |
| HP LaserJet Pro MFP 3101fdw Wi | Up to 35 ppm | Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth |
| Brother HL-L3280CDW Wireless C | up to 27 ppm | Wireless, Ethernet |
| Brother MFC-L8930CDW Business | up to 33 ppm | Wi-Fi, Ethernet |
| HP Color LaserJet Pro 3201dw W | 26 ppm | — |
| Brother HL-L2405W Wireless Mon | 30 ppm | Wi-Fi, USB |
| Brother HL-L3220CDW Color Lase | 19 PPM | — |
| HP LaserJet M209d Laser Printe | — | — |
| Brother DCP-L2640DW Wireless M | up to 36 ppm | Wireless, Ethernet, USB |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Canon Color imageCLASS LBP646Cdw Wireless Laser Printer – White
This Canon model stands out as the most versatile choice for small design studios that need reliable color output without the complexity of multifunction devices. It offers fast speeds of 26 ppm, which is competitive even against larger office printers like the Brother HL-L5210DWT, while maintaining a compact footprint. Its wireless setup and mobile printing support make it easy to integrate into a creative environment, and automatic duplex printing helps manage paper costs. However, as a print-only device, it lacks scanning or copying, limiting its utility for firms that need all-in-one functionality. Compared to multifunction options, this model focuses on delivering sharp, high-quality color prints efficiently, making it ideal for studio workflows that prioritize color accuracy and speed.
Pros:- Fast print speeds of 26 ppm in color and monochrome
- Wireless setup and mobile device printing support
- Automatic duplex printing reduces paper use
- High-capacity toner minimizes replacements
Cons:- Print-only device, no scanning or copying functions
- Limited to small office and home use environments
- No additional color options beyond laser output
Best for: Small design studios needing fast, reliable color printing with minimal fuss
Not ideal for: Larger offices or teams requiring multifunction capabilities like scanning or copying
- Print Speed:26 PPM
- Color:Yes
- Wireless:Yes
- Duplex Printing:Yes
- Paper Capacity:250 sheets
- Display:5-inch LCD
- Toner:Canon Genuine Toner 075 / 075 high-capacity
- Energy Star:Yes
- Warranty:1 Year Limited
Our verdict“This printer is perfect for small studios focused on high-quality color prints without the need for multifunction features.”
Brother HL-L5210DWT Business Monochrome Laser Printer with Dual Trays, Wireless, Ethernet, Duplex Printing, Large Paper Capacity
This Brother model excels in high-volume environments where speed and paper capacity are priorities. With a remarkable 48 ppm, it significantly outpaces the HP LaserJet Pro MFP 3101fdw, making it ideal for busy offices or print-intensive studios that require quick turnaround of monochrome documents. Its dual trays, capable of holding up to 520 sheets each (expandable to 1,390), reduce refill frequency, which is a major advantage during intensive projects. The inclusion of both wireless and Ethernet connectivity ensures easy sharing across multiple workstations, while advanced security features protect sensitive designs and data. The tradeoff is that it’s strictly monochrome, so if color is ever needed, this model won’t suffice. For high-volume, cost-effective printing, this machine is a clear leader.
Pros:- Exceptional print speed of up to 48 ppm for quick output
- Large paper capacity with dual trays, expandable to 1,390 sheets
- Flexible wireless and Ethernet connectivity for shared use
- Advanced security features to protect sensitive data
Cons:- Monochrome only, no color printing
- Higher initial cost and larger footprint
- Limited to print functions, no scanning or copying
Best for: Design studios needing high-speed, high-capacity monochrome printing, especially for draft or layout prints
Not ideal for: Designers requiring color output or multifunction capabilities like scanning or copying
- Print Speed:up to 48 ppm
- Paper Capacity:Dual trays: 250/520 sheets, expandable to 1,390
- Connectivity:Gigabit Ethernet, dual band wireless
- Security:Triple Layer Security
- Toner:Includes 3,000-page toner, optional 11,000-page toner
- Functions:Print only
Our verdict“This printer is ideal for high-volume, monochrome printing in busy design environments where speed and capacity matter most.”
HP LaserJet Pro MFP 3101fdw Wireless Black & White All-in-One Laser Printer
This HP model combines printing, scanning, copying, and faxing in a compact form suited for small design teams. Its 35 ppm speed strikes a good balance for moderate workloads, and its wireless, Ethernet, and Bluetooth connectivity make it flexible for various setups. Its auto document feeder and auto duplex printing streamline document handling, essential for busy studios managing multiple drafts or client files. Compared to the monochrome Brother HL-L3280CDW, it offers more comprehensive functionality, but only in black and white, which limits creative color projects. The security features like HP Wolf Pro Security add peace of mind for confidential client work. It’s a solid choice for studios that need an all-in-one device rather than just a printer.
Pros:- Fast printing speeds of up to 35 ppm
- All-in-one functionality: print, scan, copy, fax
- Wireless, Ethernet, and Bluetooth connectivity for versatile setup
- Auto document feeder and duplex printing for efficiency
Cons:- Limited to black & white printing only
- Designed mainly for small teams, not large offices
- No color printing capabilities
Best for: Small design teams requiring a multifunction device with reliable document handling
Not ideal for: Larger studios or those that need color printing or advanced color management
- Print Speed:Up to 35 ppm
- Functions:Print, scan, copy, fax
- Connectivity:Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth
- Auto 2-sided Printing:Yes
- Auto Document Feeder:Yes
- Suitable for:Up to 7 people
Our verdict“This multifunction printer suits small studios that need versatile document handling without the complexity or cost of color printing.”
Brother HL-L3280CDW Wireless Compact Digital Color Printer with Duplex and Mobile Printing
This Brother model offers a compact solution for small design studios that need color output without occupying much space. Its 27 ppm speed is adequate for studio workflows that involve occasional color proofs or client presentations. The automatic duplex feature helps save paper during frequent drafts. The 2.7-inch touchscreen simplifies cloud printing and device setup, making it accessible even for those less tech-savvy. While it’s limited to small offices or home studios, it’s a good fit for those who prioritize color quality in a small footprint. Unlike multifunction models like the HP LaserJet Pro MFP 3101fdw, it focuses solely on printing, which can be a limitation if scanning or copying are needed later. Still, its compact size and decent speed make it appealing for space-conscious designers.
Pros:- High-quality laser color printing
- Fast enough for small studio needs at 27 ppm
- Automatic duplex printing saves paper
- Easy cloud printing via 2.7-inch touchscreen
Cons:- Limited to small office or home use
- Subscription trial may require renewal for ongoing use
- No scanning or copying features included
Best for: Small studios and freelancers needing color printing in a small, easy-to-use device
Not ideal for: Larger teams or studios requiring scanning, copying, or high-volume output
- Printer Type:Color Laser
- Connectivity:Wireless, Ethernet
- Print Speed:up to 27 ppm
- Duplex Printing:Automatic
- Touchscreen:2.7-inch
- Includes:2-month refresh subscription trial
Our verdict“This compact color laser printer is well-suited for small studios that prioritize space-saving and color output for occasional jobs.”
Brother MFC-L8930CDW Business Color Laser All-in-One Printer with Duplex Print, Scan, Copy, Security
This Brother model is designed for demanding office environments where color quality, speed, and security are priorities. Its 33 ppm print speed and 80-page auto document feeder make it suitable for high-volume, multi-tasking workflows common in busy studios. The 7-inch color touchscreen offers intuitive control, and the device’s compact size—25% smaller than previous models—helps it fit into tightly packed studios. While the initial cost is higher, the inclusion of advanced features like NFC card security and optional high-yield toner options makes it a cost-effective long-term investment. Compared with the monochrome Brother HL-L5210DWT, this model provides full color, making it better suited for creative projects that incorporate color elements. The main tradeoff is the higher upfront investment, which may be prohibitive for smaller or budget-conscious studios.
Pros:- High-quality color and black printing with fast speeds
- Advanced scanning with cloud and document creation features
- Robust security including NFC badge access
- Space-saving design reduces footprint by 25%
Cons:- Higher initial purchase cost
- Setup complexity for non-technical users
- Toner replacements can be costly over time
Best for: Design studios needing robust, fast, and secure color multifunction printing
Not ideal for: Small freelancers or studios with limited budgets focused only on monochrome output
- Print Speed:up to 33 ppm
- Scan Speed:up to 104 ipm
- Auto Document Feeder:80 pages
- Touchscreen:7-inch color
- Connectivity:Wi-Fi, Ethernet
- Security:Triple Layer Security, NFC card reader
- Included Toner:3,000-page black, 1,800-page color
- Optional Toner:7,500-page black, 6,500-page color
Our verdict“This device suits busy, security-conscious design studios that require high-quality color output and multifunction capabilities with minimal space impact.”
HP Color LaserJet Pro 3201dw Wireless Color Laser Printer
This printer stands out for its combination of speed, color quality, and reliability, making it ideal for a design studio that needs vibrant, professional prints without sacrificing efficiency. Compared with the Brother HL-L3220CDW, it offers faster color printing and a larger input tray, which can boost productivity. However, it relies on cartridges with original HP chips, which could add to ongoing costs, and firmware updates might be necessary for security. Its auto duplex and high capacity mean less manual intervention, but the need for compatible cartridges is a potential downside for budget-conscious studios. This pick is perfect for studios prioritizing high-quality color output and smooth workflow.
Pros:- Fast color printing speeds up to 26 ppm
- Automatic duplex printing conserves paper
- Reliable dual-band Wi-Fi with self-reset feature
- Large 250-sheet input tray reduces frequent refills
Cons:- Works only with cartridges containing original HP chips or circuitry
- Firmware updates may be needed for security measures
Best for: Small design studios that require fast, high-quality color prints with reliable wireless connectivity
Not ideal for: Studio teams on a tight budget who want to avoid ongoing cartridge compatibility concerns or firmware updates
- Print Speed:26 ppm
- Color:Yes
- Duplex Printing:Auto
- Input Tray Capacity:250 sheets
Our verdict“This printer suits design studios that value vibrant color output, speed, and wireless reliability but are comfortable with cartridge dependency.”
Brother HL-L2405W Wireless Monochrome Laser Printer with Mobile Printing
Compared to color options like the Brother HL-L3220CDW, this monochrome model offers straightforward speed and simplicity, making it ideal for printing high volumes of text-based documents. Its 30 ppm speed ensures quick turnaround for reports and drafts, while the 250-sheet tray minimizes refilling interruptions. The absence of duplex printing, however, limits paper savings and convenience, which might be a drawback for environmentally-conscious studios. Its wireless support and mobile printing make it accessible for teams on the move, but the need for a toner subscription and monochrome only output restricts versatility. This printer makes sense for studios focused on cost-effective, fast document printing without color or duplex requirements.
Pros:- Fast print speed of 30 pages per minute
- Wireless connectivity supports mobile printing
- Large 250-sheet paper tray reduces refilling frequency
Cons:- Limited to monochrome printing, restricting use cases
- No duplex printing feature, increasing paper use
Best for: Small design teams or freelancers needing fast, monochrome printing with wireless connectivity
Not ideal for: Design studios that require color output or duplex printing for project presentations and proofs
- Print Speed:30 ppm
- Connectivity:Wi-Fi, USB
- Paper Capacity:250 sheets
- Supported Paper Types:Envelopes, specialty paper
Our verdict“This model is ideal for budget-conscious studios prioritizing speed and simplicity over color and duplex features.”
Brother HL-L3220CDW Color Laser Printer with Wireless Printing and Duplex
Compared with the HP Color LaserJet Pro 3201dw, the Brother HL-L3220CDW offers vibrant color output and automatic duplexing, making it a strong choice for studios that need professional-quality documents and double-sided printing. Its 19 ppm speed is slightly slower, but the large 250-sheet tray and mobile device compatibility streamline workflow. The lack of specified print resolution in the description is a notable omission, and color laser printers generally carry a higher cost of operation, which may impact ongoing expenses for smaller studios. This printer balances quality and convenience but requires willingness to invest in color laser technology.
Pros:- Vibrant color printing with crisp graphics
- Automatic duplex printing reduces paper use
- Large paper tray minimizes refills
- Supports mobile printing for flexible workflows
Cons:- Print resolution details are not specified
- Higher initial purchase cost typical for color laser printers
Best for: Design studios that need high-quality color printing with duplex capability and space-efficient design
Not ideal for: Budget-focused studios seeking the fastest print speeds or those with limited space who prefer multifunction units
- Print Speed:19 PPM
- Paper Tray Capacity:250 sheets
- Duplex Printing:Automatic
- Wireless Connectivity:Yes
Our verdict“This pick suits studios wanting vibrant color output with duplex features but at a higher investment level.”
HP LaserJet M209d Laser Printer, Black and White, Automatic Duplex, Wired Connection, USB Included
This printer is ideal for small studios or home offices handling mainly text documents, offering quick, reliable laser printing. Its fast duplex speeds and space-saving design make it perfect where desk real estate is limited, especially compared to larger multifunction units like the Brother DCP-L2640DW. The wired-only connection limits flexibility, and the reliance on specific HP cartridges can add to costs. Firmware updates may be needed for cartridge compatibility, but overall, this model provides a straightforward, no-frills solution for high-efficiency monochrome printing. It’s best suited to studios that prioritize simple, fast document output over multifunction features.
Pros:- Fast two-sided printing speeds
- Compact, space-efficient size
- Reliable laser print quality
Cons:- Wired connection only, limiting flexibility
- Cartridge compatibility issues may arise without updates
Best for: Solo designers or small teams needing reliable black-and-white printing in tight spaces
Not ideal for: Studios requiring color printing, scanning, or wireless connectivity for mobility
- Print Color:Black and White
- Automatic Duplex:Yes
- Connection Type:Wired (USB)
- Input Tray Capacity:150 sheets
Our verdict“This printer fits small studios that need fast, dependable monochrome printing without extra features.”
Brother DCP-L2640DW Wireless Monochrome Multi-Function Laser Printer with Copy and Scan
Compared to single-function monochrome models like the HP LaserJet M209d, the Brother DCP-L2640DW offers the added capabilities of copying and scanning, making it a more versatile choice for busy design studios managing various document workflows. Its fast print and scan speeds, combined with multiple connectivity options—including wireless, Ethernet, and USB—support a flexible, mobile-friendly environment. The 50-page auto document feeder streamlines batch scanning and copying, but the setup can be complex for some users, and it remains limited to monochrome output. This multi-function device is perfect for studios needing an all-in-one solution to handle multiple document tasks efficiently.
Pros:- Fast print and scan speeds for small business needs
- Multi-connectivity including wireless and Ethernet
- Auto Document Feeder supports batch copying/scanning
- Compact design saves workspace
Cons:- Limited to monochrome output, restricting creative flexibility
- Setup may be complex for some users
Best for: Small design teams that require printing, copying, and scanning in a compact, space-saving device
Not ideal for: Studios needing color printing or those with limited technical setup capacity
- Print Speed:up to 36 ppm
- Scan Speed:up to 23.6/7.9 ipm
- Auto Document Feeder:50 pages
- Connectivity:Wireless, Ethernet, USB
Our verdict“This multi-function monochrome printer is ideal for studios that want an all-in-one device with fast, reliable document handling but don’t need color output.”

How We Picked
These printers were evaluated based on their print quality, speed, reliability, paper capacity, connectivity options, and overall value. Priority was given to models that could handle large tabloid-sized prints efficiently while maintaining color accuracy for design work. We also considered user reviews for ease of use and maintenance costs. The ranking reflects a mix of performance, affordability, and suitability for design studios, highlighting options that excel in different areas to match diverse professional needs.| Tabloid laser printer for design studio | Connectivity |
|---|---|
| Canon Color imageCLASS LBP646C | — |
| Brother HL-L5210DWT Business M | Gigabit Ethernet, dual band wireless |
| HP LaserJet Pro MFP 3101fdw Wi | Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth |
| Brother HL-L3280CDW Wireless C | Wireless, Ethernet |
| Brother MFC-L8930CDW Business | Wi-Fi, Ethernet |
| HP Color LaserJet Pro 3201dw W | — |
| Brother HL-L2405W Wireless Mon | Wi-Fi, USB |
| Brother HL-L3220CDW Color Lase | — |
| HP LaserJet M209d Laser Printe | — |
| Brother DCP-L2640DW Wireless M | Wireless, Ethernet, USB |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Tabloid Laser Printer For Design Studio
Choosing a tabloid laser printer for a design studio involves several key considerations. Beyond basic specifications, understanding how each factor impacts your workflow can prevent costly mistakes and ensure your investment aligns with your studio’s demands. From print quality to cost of operation, these factors determine whether a printer will be a helpful tool or a source of frustration.Print Quality and Color Accuracy
Design studios rely on precise color reproduction and sharp detail, making print quality a top priority. Laser printers generally produce consistent results, but differences in toner quality and resolution can affect output. Choosing a model with high resolution (at least 1200 dpi) and good color management ensures your prints look professional and true to your digital designs. Be aware that color calibration features vary, so prioritize models with advanced color controls if color fidelity is critical.
Paper Capacity and Size Handling
Handling large tabloid-sized sheets requires a printer with sufficient paper capacity and robust feeding systems. Smaller trays or limited capacity can slow down workflow or increase downtime for refilling. For busy studios, a model with at least 250 sheets of input capacity and dual trays helps maintain productivity. Consider your typical print volume and whether the printer supports larger, heavy-weight media often used in design printing to avoid bottlenecks.
Speed and Workflow Efficiency
Speed is vital when producing multiple large-format prints. Look for printers with high pages-per-minute (PPM) ratings, especially for color prints, to prevent delays during tight project deadlines. Automatic duplexing and fast warm-up times also contribute to efficiency. Keep in mind, however, that faster speeds can sometimes mean higher noise levels or increased energy consumption, which could impact a busy studio environment.
Connectivity and Ease of Use
Wireless capabilities and mobile printing options streamline studio workflows, allowing flexible printing from multiple devices. USB connectivity remains useful for quick local jobs. Intuitive interfaces and reliable network connections reduce setup and troubleshooting time. However, some models may have complicated setups or limited app support, so consider user-friendliness alongside technical features for seamless operation.
Cost of Maintenance and Consumables
Laser printers involve ongoing expenses for toner, drums, and maintenance kits. Color models tend to have higher consumable costs, which can add up quickly in high-volume environments. Check the toner yield ratings and estimated replacement costs before purchasing. A model with high-yield toner cartridges might have a higher upfront price but lower per-page costs, making it more economical over time. Avoid models with proprietary consumables that are difficult or expensive to replace.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I print large-format designs on a standard laser printer?
Standard laser printers that support tabloid size can handle large-format designs, but not all models are optimized for high-quality color output or heavy media. If your studio produces frequent large-format prints, opt for a model specifically designed for tabloid or wide-format printing, which offers better media handling, higher resolution, and more consistent output. This ensures your designs maintain their detail and color fidelity across large sheets.
What’s the main difference between monochrome and color laser printers for a design studio?
Monochrome printers are generally more affordable and faster for black-and-white prints, making them suitable for drafts or internal documents. However, for a design studio focusing on visual presentations, branding, or client proofs, color laser printers provide the vibrancy needed for accurate color reproduction. The tradeoff is typically higher initial cost and ongoing consumable expenses, but the impact on print quality for creative work is significant.
How important is wireless connectivity in a studio environment?
Wireless connectivity offers flexibility, allowing multiple team members to print from various devices without physical connections. For collaborative studios, this can streamline workflows and reduce cable clutter. However, wireless setups can sometimes introduce connectivity issues or security concerns. If your studio relies heavily on shared printing and mobile devices, prioritizing a model with robust, easy-to-configure wireless features is wise.
Should I prioritize speed over print quality?
While speed can boost productivity, sacrificing print quality is rarely an option for a design studio where visual accuracy matters. The best approach is to find a balance—select a model with sufficient speed to meet your deadlines but also capable of producing high-resolution, color-accurate prints. For critical client presentations, prioritize quality, but for internal drafts, speed might take precedence.
Are multifunction printers a good choice for a design studio?
Multifunction printers that combine printing, scanning, and copying can save space and add versatility. They are especially useful if your studio handles both digital and physical workflows. However, multifunction models often compromise on speed or print quality compared to dedicated printers. For high-volume or color-critical work, a dedicated tabloid laser printer might be more appropriate, with multifunction units reserved for auxiliary tasks.









